Friday 24 May 2013

Critical Reflection - Year 2 Semester 2


Critical Reflection

After the success of last semester’s WINOL (a local-news based online student editorial site in the UK), during which we managed to achieve an Alexa Rank of #476,793 globally and #10,338 within the UK, I chose to reprise my role as social media editor as I felt there were a lot of ways I could try to make the process of using social media more efficient for us to use as the improved use of this medium seemed to help radically improve our overall circulation.

The first step of this was to ensure that, at the beginning of the semester, I keep up a good twitter and Facebook presence to remind people that the website was once again operational. Whilst doing this, I also started researching other social media platforms that could be used to help us gain and maintain popularity as a local student journalism site. As well as finding out which would be most helpful and applicable to our needs, I also had to teach myself how to use them. Once things had become more settled in the news room, I began to compile a Social Media usage guide available on my blog which outlined the best ways to make use of our current social media profiles and how we could use newer sites to expand our audience and therefore increase our viewing figures. These included ways of making the process of posting messages more efficient, ways of increasing our online presence and increasing the number of people following our social media output which would then increase our page views. Whilst listing and presenting these concepts was relatively simple, trying to implement them into practice was considerably more challenging. As these new plans involved reporters serious alterations to the speed in which things are processed and the order in which reporters needed to upload their various articles. Whilst this was initially met with a certain amount of enthusiasm from the team, very little action was taken upon these initial recommendations. To try to encourage use of the points outlined in the document I also created an abridged version, also available on my blog, as I felt the length of the original post may discourage people from reading it. On top of this, I ensured I thoroughly briefed the team and made it incredibly clear that I would available to help if they needed. However, the notions made in the handbook were never properly implemented and many of the actions introduced were quickly lost to habit.

To an extent, this struggle to embrace innovation is reflected in the circulation statistics that I collected as an additional part of this role and have been posted on my blog. Over the semester our Alexa rank largely improved. Alexa.com is a website that makes rough estimates of websites' popularity over a period of 3 months; the lower the number, the more views the website has had. I began collecting this information on the 23rd January and we had a global rank of #460,940 and #33,950 in the UK. At our peak, on the 6th March our global rank was #372,251 and we ranked #9,154 in the UK, our best rankings on record. However, after this point our rank began to slip; the following week our UK rank remained the same and our global rank was down 16,099 points to #388,350. To try and improve our slipping viewing figures, I ensured the team was fully briefed, explaining how Alexa works on a 3 month average and the reason we had not noticed this overall fall in site visitors before was because it seemed likely to be due to the skew created by our absence over the Christmas holidays but that this was no longer applicable to the period of time being averaged. Some members of the team met this idea with criticism, feeling that our work had been considerably improved since then and that the viewing figures should reflect that, especially due to some great spikes in visits seen in many of the Eastleigh by-election articles, and argued that the figures still included the poor figures from over the break. However, both other members of the time and I worked out the number of weeks ago the average started from and proved that it the time period of the average did not include the break, that even if it were it would have already been counted in all our previous averages and finally explained that whilst we may have had good peaks on some days, many others have had a fairly poor viewing result.

To try and improve upon these, I gave several solutions; the first and major one was to get reporters to promote the site on their accounts to spread awareness amongst people that may previously not have been aware of their work on WINOL or even that our local news site existed. Another that should have given a dramatic improvement was to ‘mention’ people involved in stories or groups that are likely to be interested in an article by ‘tagging’ them in twitter posts. By doing this, they are more likely to see the story and potentially share the tweet with their followers, potentially doubling the number of people that see that tweet and potentially follow the link to the article. This is especially good for sports stories as there are plenty of team and sport fan pages on twitter as well as profiles for a lot of the players of many of the sports. However few of these recommendations were acted upon by others which made the resulting improvement minimal compared to its potential impact if properly supported. Still, there was considerable improvement in viewing figures and social media use at the end of the semester and whilst our ending Alexa rank of #373,953 globally and #12,025 in Great Britain on 27th March might not have been as good as it was at our peak on 6th March, it was still an improvement on our final results from last semester of #476,793 globally, though we were ranked lower in the UK as we had achieved a rank of #10,338 at the same point in the previous semester.

As well as this, I also took on the role of Editor of new magazine site UK Today, a site that finds and compares the best Student Journalism in the UK, to try and get it running and improve my writing skills. The main difficulty in this was trying to balance the time needed to research and write the stories for the site whilst maintaining an effective presence in my role of Social Media Editor. Due to the difficulties I had in my role of social media editor, my work for this site had to take a back seat and therefore the project never really took off the ground. Another issue I had with running the site was that where it was completely new, there was no previous format or style to follow and, if necessary, improve upon. This made it difficult to find the right way to approach the articles and I had to make a lot of decisions on the tone, structure and content which is difficult when there are no real guidelines already in place.

However, I managed to find some time to try out some of the production roles. This began when the production team were short a few members and asked if I could operate a camera for them.  Since then I have been used on camera several times for live bulletins and pre-recorded content. I was also able to help in the gallery when we opened up the studio to allow anyone who wanted the opportunity to have a go at presenting for their show reel. During this, I was able to learn about how many of the technical aspects work and have a go at filling the roles of director, sound person and autocue operator as well as camera person. Often when on camera I have also had to act as a floor manager, in some respects, as the talkback for the presenter was not working and therefore had to rely on me to cue them in and relay information and queries from the gallery. I also tried to turn my hand at comment writing by trying to start a series of satirical news-based letters and job applications but this, much like UK Today, had to take a back seat due to social media commitments.

From this, I have learnt a lot about time management and prioritising projects as well as the way in which a news team needs structure to work properly and how various roles and systems work. Next year, to improve upon the use of social media, I would recommend greater use of facebook and  twitter as by maintaining a good social media presence helps create greater awareness. I would particularly recommend more use of mentions in tweets to target people likely to have an interest in the article as a way of getting more people to follow the link back to our site. These ideas and many more that would improve viewing figures through social media use are outlined in my social media guide and I would recommend anyone wishing to take on this role read through these if only to gain a greater insight into what things are likely to help and to see what protocols are already either in play or are ready to be implemented. In terms of looking at our circulation, I think we should try to move away from using alexa.com in favour of google analytics as this would be more in line with the way industry works. We should also use the ‘slim stat’ app on Word Press for more detailed and specific information on what our audience is particularly interested on our site to help us find out what style of articles we should try to focus on. Also, if UK Today were to continue next year, I would suggest to the editor to work out the exact tone and style they were looking for before starting any other work on it and to lay out these ideas in their own style guide for the site. As well as this, I would suggest they try to distribute the work between a small team of 2 or 3 other people as it is far difficult to run the entire site on your own. I am hoping to change roles next year and have decided to try to become the overall editor of WINOL as from my position as social media editor I have been able to observe all aspects of WINOL and seen both its positive and negative qualities and have come up with several recommendations to help improve WINOL’s efficiency, quality and therefore its popularity and viewing figures. Many of these recommendations have been outlined in my manifesto which I have submitted to my lecturers.

In general, WINOL has continued to improve this semester. It had maintained its lead, in terms of Alexa rank, against its closest rival East London Lines, seen in these graphs from my circulation blog post:

However, the quality of some aspects their articles (especially their still photography) far surpass our own. If we were to improve this, largely by ceasing our reliance on stills taken from VTs, our site would look more professional and therefore more likely to be frequently read. Having better quality photos would also help with our social media use as many of the sites we use show greater favour to posts with aesthetically pleasing photos to purely text based updates. A great enhancement made to WINOL’s content this semester is the continued improvement of our features section which makes our site ‘sticky,’ meaning that people spend much more time on the site after finding, in this case, an interesting feature than they had not initially intended to read whilst checking on the latest news. He have added several new magazines including the popular New Winchester Review which takes a look at culture and arts locally, nationally and internationally as well as maintained our popular magazines like Absolute:ly – our beauty, fashion and gossip based women’s magazine.

Overall, I feel that WINOL has still been fairly successful this semester and, perhaps, if we had not made such dramatic improvements last semester our achievements would seem even more impressive. Of course, there are still some flaws that should be ironed out – our news slider stopped working for several weeks, subbing stories needs to speed up and checked better and the turnover time for features between filming and upload can still be a little long – but our work has continued to improve which is still reflected in our overall popularity and rank.

Word count: 2,123

Wednesday 22 May 2013

Existentialism and its Impact


Notes on HCJ4 topics ahead of a discussion show (similar to Emma Hofberg's & my one for HCJ3) with Amy Moore

Existentialism

Existentialism is a philosophical theory that individuals are free and responsible for their development in their existence. As according Nietzsche “God is dead,” there is no inherent meaning to our existence and so we are free to choose our own destiny. Unlike existentialists, nihilists think there is no meaning to life rather than use their freedom to create their own freedom. For more information on existentialism in reference to Albert Camus's "L'Étranger", click here.

Kant - "Critique of Pure Reason" - Existence is not the result of consciousness or being but a pre-condition of consciousness; consciousness is not proof of existence, it just is. This idea opposes Descartes' "I think therefore I am" argument.

Husserl - "Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint" - Phenomenology: the science of phenomena; study of perception & consciousness. Concluded that whether an experience was real or imagined the resulting feeling in no different and therefore there is no point distinguishing between mental and physical phenomena. Perception is important, not whether it is internal or external.
Phenomenology vs     Empiricism
 Internal world   vs  External world

Heidegger – “Being & Time” – first example of modern existentialism; though phenomenology was half-hearted – personal experience is important.
Dasein – “being” – absorption & satisfaction in life/a task – authentic life
Dasman – opposite of Dasein – boredom and complacency; overthinking - inauthentic
Facticity – ‘labels’ given/you are born into (gender, class, nationality, etc.) - inauthentic
Rejection of Descartes’ Self (& Freud’s Ego) – inverted “I think therefore I am” to “I am therefore I think” as consciousness is a predicate of existence.
Focus on present/next choice – past: guilt, future: unknown, present: dread – morality reduces guilt and creates indifference to future.

Satre – similar to Heidegger (anti-Cartesian ego) and agrees with Husserl that there’s no difference between fictional & factual phenomena if you believe it. Being ‘just it’ – it needs no definitions as it defines itself; opposite of the ontological argument to prove God. However, he can be considered more liberal than Heidegger.
Being creates desire to be God & control own life however, destiny/life is not fixed; humanity’s freedom is absolute and therefore we must not be defined by facticity.

None of this is possible without the liberation of Nietzsche’s claim “God is dead.”

However, before this, Kierkegaard came up with his own form of existentialism to fit around his religious beliefs; similar to Schopenhauer – rejects rationism & scientific objectivity and believes life is suffering; rejects religion despite being a Christian – “To be a Christian you must reject Christianity” – his reasoning was that if everyone was Christian, no-one would be; human condition (loneliness & suffering) creates knowledge through despair of unknowing; despair is ontological & therefore can’t be ‘cured’ – must transcend it; can transcend by passionate commitment from moment to moment; despair is due to not knowing your purpose in existing and alienation is separation from God – must submit to God to overcome; by irrationally & unexplainably submit to God, Kierkegaard dismisses systems of goodness & morality.

As no definite morality or guilt for actions, room is left for violence & aggression.

Debatable as people having violence enacted upon them do not have a choice which is key to living authentically according existentialism; by removing their choice you are forcing them to lead an inauthentic life & therefore your actions go against existentialism.

Franz Fanon – encouraged the idea that you could use violence as a way of speeding up political change that existentialism was already nurturing (if there is good cause to do so) which is therefore lead to, for example, Baader Meinhoff complex, Black Panther Movement, Algerian War, etc.

Arguably, to counter these sorts of ideas, modern totalitarian ideas formed:

·        Previous totalitarian leaders still had limits applied to them – new model formal C20
·        Arendt saw imperialism as precursor to modern totalitarianism as it encouraged racism by grouping people into superior/inferior
·        Individuality makes people hard to control – must be destroyed by

Either State Terror (degrade individuals – make them less than human)
Or Ideology (compliments terror – eliminates need for individual thoughts – absolves people  .    from guilt if they blindly follow orders without question – banality of evil; don’t have to .   .    be evil to do evil things, just follow orders; Milgram experiment)

·        Ideas of control seen in 1984 by George Orwell (through language) & A Brave New World by Aldous Huxley (through social structure)

Counterculture (A way of life & set of attitudes opposed to the social norm)

Good example – 60s & 70s America – political & cultural turbulence:

·        JFK assassination (1963)
·        Vietnam War controversy
·        Racial discrimination -> Black Panther Movement
·        High teen population (from baby boom) -> power gained from large demographic skew helping lead to:
o   Sexual revolution – creation of the pill giving women choice; feminism
o   Prohibition of drugs – LSD introduced by CIA then banned leading to Hippie . .                                        communes, etc.
o   Musical revolution (jazz)
·        Influenced by existentialism & powered by new choices, freedom & anti-establishment beliefs esp. Franz Fanon, Malcolm X

 

For journalists:

·        Scepticism in press releases & importance in 1st hand experience (arguably being lost in the technological/modern age) |_ research, checking quotes, interviews & asking the difficult questions
·        Use of more subjective & emotional language – sensationalised – to build a picture rather than just tell a story (e.g. Tom Wolfe)
·        Political objectivity – Associated Press – greater profit; wider audience
·        Abolition of 5 Ws and pyramid structure to make way for ‘story to bleed into the copy’ -> Make reader feel story & not just read it – Hearst, Pulitzer
·        Creation & popularization of ‘gonzo’ journalism
·        In features:
o   Use of scene by scene/cinematic story telling
o   Inclusion of dialogue
o   Adding opinion to help reader inside writer’s/‘character’s’ mind
o   Recording of even minor details (gestures, habbits, behaviour towards certain social groups, etc.) to show status & attitudes of those involved. 

Economics

Marx – Failure of capitalism as wages are less than product price due to profit margin; move to communism – everything provided everyone – obsolete due to Keynes

Smith, Hume, Ricardo, Mill, etc. – classical economists; large market, small state – also, arguably, obsolete due to Keynes

Keynes – to stop cycle of economic depression, print money and create jobs to circulate it – large state; small market

Weber – rise of bureaucracy as a means of increasing employment; gain power through charisma, maintain power from legality

Galbraith – wrote New Industrial State
·        Based on managed society of Keynes & Galbraith – critiques: Hayek predicts it would become highly corrupted
·        Effects of technology on this system
o   Speeds up process of production
o   Still creates jobs as machines have to be fixed
o   Likely to end up being run by the elite
·        Nature of employment – less blue-collar as replaces by machines; replaced by educated people who can repair machines
·        Motivation theory:
.            Carrot vs Stick
Compensation vs Compulsion
·        Power shift from entrepreneur to technology undermines unions
·        Regulation reduces workers’ need unions

Modern Logic
3 attitudes to numbers:
1)      Natural & can be empirically observed – Mill
2)      Intuitions of harmonic, perfect world – Pythagorians; Descartes
3)      Abstract logical objects; constructs of syntax – Frege, early Russell

(1) Through evolution, can naturally distinguish between:
0: Absence of objects/bananas
1: 1 object/enough bananas
2: More than one object/plenty or infinite bananas
Whilst you can immediately tell the difference between 3 & 4 at a glance, it’s hard to tell between 33 & 34 without counting; arguably, numbers above about 8-ish are purely syntax

(2) Pythagorianism
Prime numbers are pre-existing, eternal forms & necessary for consciousness.
Anti-Kant’s “existence is not a predicate” and therefore existenialism
Importance of 3 (first plural prime) in culture e.g. Trinity in Christianity, rule of thirds, 3 chord triads, etc.
“+1” has no defined meaning -> 0+1 <- infinitely bigger
                                                     1+1 <- doubles in size
                                                    N+1 <- infinitely smaller increase with each addition

(3) Numbers as logical objects
Rejects numerological empiricism
Frege’s axiom – all things which are identical are equal to themselves i.e. 2
Larger numbers are built upon these – e.g. a pair of pairs would be the equivalent of 4
1 is a class of things not associated with other things
0 is a class of objects not equal to themselves therefore 0 doesn’t actually exist

Friday 10 May 2013

A long time in the making...

HCJ Year 2 Semester 1

Modernism:



Freud:




Economics:


Logical Positivism:


Conclusion:



Presenters: Hannah Hayesmore and Emma Hofberg

Editor: Hannah Hayesmore



Tuesday 7 May 2013

Existentialism & Ethics – Notes on Chapter 9 of "Philosophy in the Modern World"

According to Neitzsche, God is dead. As a result, there is no inherent moral system and therefore humanity is free to choose its own ethics.

Heidegger, a phenomenologist, says the true state of being is “Dasein” which is to be absorbed in life and the world in a positive way and to not be defined by you “facticity” (the definitions placed on you by society).

In existentialism, you are free to choose how you live and what you do but to be happy and dasein you should live an “authentic” life. As there is no inherent meaning in life, it just is, you should do what makes you happy. Also, if life is pointless and there is no morality, existentialists would say that you are free to try change society ‘for the better’ and by any means, including violence if you are in the same school of thinking as Franz Fanon.

Of course, existentialism is not the only potential form of ethics for the world.

Utilitarianism’s major idea is that we should aim to have “the greatest happiness for the greatest number” which Bentham linked to pleasure. For this reason, quantifying pain and pleasure is important.

In terms of ethics, here are two real types of utilitarian – absolutists and consequentialists. Absolutists consider some actions to be intrinsically wrong & should never be done, irrespective of their consequences whilst consequentialists believe the morality of actions should be judged solely on their consequences and that no act has special circumstances. As an example, if you could go back in time and kill baby Hitler, absolutists would tell you not to as murder is wrong, despite the fact it would save countless lives whilst consequentialists would be more than happy to do it as the action has such a positive impact.

Both Bentham and Mill were consequentialists. Whilst there are many criticisms of utilitarianism as a moral guide, such as the fact it can allow people to act in a way that would normally be outrageous by deciding there are special circumstances, Mill thought the real issue was that it can be so blinded by morality that it can overlook justice. Of course, another issue is that one person’s happiness can be sacrificed to increase the overall total happiness in a community. He also thought that certain types of activities that create utility have a higher value than others, i.e. going to the opera has a greater value than eating a doughnut or even watching a musical.

To Schopenhauer, the world is an illusion & true reality is the universal will. Because of this, his idea of morality is that is it the training of character. As everything in nature is determined by necessity, so too are a person’s nature and actions. According to this idea, given the right data we could predict and map a person’s future actions. Our will cannot be changed, nor can it be satisfied; Schopenhauer says we should renounce our self. Once we do this, we become ‘in touch’ with the rest of humanity and can therefore act morally and for the good of everyone.

Keirkegaard’s idea of moral ascent is similar to Schopenhauer in that both are pessimistic in their view of human nature and that both lead to renunciation. However, Keirkegaard sees renunciation as the first step on a spiritual journey that aims to give each person their own personality as a creature of God.

Nietzsche takes the opposite view to Keirkegaard. He believes we must undo the transvaluation from master-morality and restore the concept of higher classes being better and the order of “good=noble=beautiful=happy=loved by the gods” that was reversed with the uprising of slaves and the birth of Christianity. This overturning of the structure of society will help lead to a race that transcends the traditional master-slave relationships seen in life, the Übermensch.